Components of V(ρ)⊗V(ρ)V(\rho) \otimes V(\rho) and dominant weight polyhedra for affine Kac-Moody Lie algebras

Kostant asked the following question: Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a simple Lie algebra over the complex numbers. Let $\lambda$ be a dominant integral weight. Then, $V(\lambda)$ is a component of $V(\rho)\otimes V(\rho)$ if and only if $\lambda \leq 2 \rho$ under the usual Bruhat-Chevalley order on the set of weights. In an earlier work with R. Chirivi and A. Maffei the second author gave an affirmative answer to this question up to a saturation factor. The aim of the current work is to extend this result to untwisted affine Kac-Moody Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ associated to any simple Lie algebra $\mathring{\mathfrak{g}}$ (up to a saturation factor). In fact, we prove the result for affine $sl_n$ without any saturation factor. Our proof requires some additional techniques including the Goddard-Kent-Olive construction and study of the characteristic cone of non-compact polyhedra.Comment: 16 pages; v2: minor edit

India-EU Engagement and International Migration: Challenges and policy imperatives

CARIM-India: Developing a knowledge base for policymaking on India-EU migrationIn the absence of a multilateral framework and a rule based global structure for the governance of international migration of people in all its complexities, countries engage in bilateral or regional cooperation in an attempt to engage and harmonize international movements and strive for a win-win situation. India and the EU are major trading partners and are engaged in a strategic Joint Action Plan with annual summit level talks; both sides are on the cusp of a new beginning through the soon to be concluded Free Trade Agreement (FTA). India-EU engagements, while underlining the importance of engagement on movement of people, have not clearly spelt out, as of yet, any roadmap for facilitation and enhancement of movement of people between the regions. The current paper examines if, and how, the bilateral relationship or engagement between India and the EU over the years has influenced international migration flows between the two sides and what potential challenges and policy options they face for a successful engagement and facilitation of movement of people. The paper suggests that given India’s strategic position as a major country of origin for skilled and semi-skilled migrant workers, coupled with foreseeable requirements in the EU domestic markets. There is need for a closer examination of policy initiatives to embrace bilateral flows and make the exercise beneficial for both partners. The International migration flows between India and Europe in the past had always depended on the quality and strength of engagement between the countries and regions. Currently, the EU however has a low profile in India in terms of its ability to attract the best of the talent compared to competitors such as the US and Canada. Therefore, the main challenge is to enhance the EU’s presence in India through greater participation, outreach and building of networks among academia, think tanks and the media. Student mobility need to be increased in all important sectors such as IT, healthcare, science and technology, research and development so as to help create advocacy groups and to enable a greater synergy of talent between India and the EU and enhance future cooperation, partnership and development. Easing of immigration policies for selective sectors of employment and education which are of strategic concern is also important. This will require measures for mutual recognition of degrees and skills, and a minimal window for long-term immigration and integration of third country migrant professionals and workers.CARIM-India is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union

A VALIDATED REVERSED PHASE HPLC-METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ACECLOFENAC AND TIZANIDINE IN TABLETS

A new simple, accurate, precise and reproducible Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Aceclofenac and Tizanidine in tablet dosage forms using C18 column (Ineretsil, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm) in isocratic mode. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, methanol and 20 mM phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 3.5 in ratio of (40:30:30 v/v) with Ultraviolet-Visible detection at 230 nm. The method was linear over the concentration range for aceclofenac120-280 μg/ml and for tizanidine 2-40 μg/ml. The recoveries of Tizanidine and Aceclofenac were found to be in the range of 99.45-100.61% and 99.56-101.32% respectively. The validation of method was carried out using International Conference on Harmonization-guidelines. The described High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method was successfully employed for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing combined dosage form

Access to condoms for female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh.

BACKGROUND: Condoms are an essential part of comprehensive HIV prevention and care programmes. We report the accessibility of male condoms for female sex workers (FSWs) and the associated characteristics that may play a major role in determining access to condoms for FSWs. METHODS: Confidential interviews of 6509 street- and home-based FSWs in 13 districts of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh provided data on the number of paying clients and various aspects of access to free condoms and purchase of condoms. Access to condoms was defined as having ever obtained condoms either through free distribution or through purchase. Multivariate analyses were done separately for street- and home-based FSWs to describe correlates of their access to condoms. The requirement of condoms was assessed based on the number of paying clients during the past 15 days. RESULTS: Data on condom access were available for 6465 (99.3%) FSWs. A total of 2850 (44.1%; 95% CI: 36.2%-52.0%) reported accessing free condoms ever and 2336 (36.1%; 95% CI: 30.6%-41.6%) had purchased condoms ever (not mutually exclusive). The primary sources for condoms were non-governmental organization facilities (73.8%) and pharmacies (79.7%) for free and purchased condoms, respectively. A total of 3510 (54.3%; 95% CI: 48.5%-60.1%) FSWs reported no access to free or purchased condoms during the past 15 days, and this no access was significantly higher for those > 30 years of age, with no schooling, street-based FSWs, and with no participation in a FSW support group (p < 0.001 for each in univariate analysis). Participation in a FSW support group was the main predictor of access to free condoms for both types of FSWs during the past 15 days with multivariate analysis. Condom requirements during the past 15 days were met for 67.5% of FSWs who had accessed only free condoms and for 33.8% of those who had accessed only purchased condoms. CONCLUSIONS: One-fourth of FSWs had never accessed condoms, and a little over half of those who had ever accessed reported no access during the past 15 days. Condom requirements were not met for three-fifths of the FSWs. HIV prevention programmes need to Increase access to free condoms for FSWs in Andhra Pradesh as access to condoms is a necessary prerequisite for condom use

Acute toxicity study and antipyretic effect of the brown alga tTurbinaria conoides (J. agardh) kuetz.

The active principles of brown alga, Turbinaria conoides (J.Agardh) Kuetz. (Sargassaceae) was extracted with n-hexane, cyclohexane, methanol and ethanol-water (1:1) and investigated for acute toxicity and antipyretic activity. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugars. Acute toxicity study was performed in Wistar rats after administration of extracts orally. No mortality was observed up to the dose of 5g/kg for methanol and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts whereas n-hexane and cyclohexane extracts were found to be toxic at the dose levels of 1g/kg and 2 g/kg respectively. In biochemical analysis, n-hexane, cyclohexane and ethanol-water (1:1) extracts caused a significant (

The accuracy of USG and USG guided FNAC axilla in predicting nodal metastasis in a clinically lymph node negative cancer breast patient

Background: Breast malignancies are the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among women. As the size of the primary breast cancer increases, some cancer cells are shed into cellular spaces and transported via the lymphatic network of the breast to the regional lymph nodes, especially the axillary lymph nodes. Objective of the study was to determine the accuracy of USG and US-FNAC in detecting lymph node metastasis in a clinically lymph node negative CA Breast patient.Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 40 consecutive patients with biopsy proven breast cancer with clinically negative axilla, who had attending the OPD or IPD in our department of surgery, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Allahabad, during the period of 2014 to 2015. All of these patients were planned to undergo surgery (breast conservation or modified radical mastectomy with axillary clearance).Results: Sensitivity of the study = 97.77%, specificity = 25%, positive predictive value =92.01%, negative predictive value =50%, diagnostic accuracy =90%.Conclusions: Using axillary ultrasound and selective US-FNAC is a rapid, non-morbid method of staging the axilla in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and should become a routine part of patient care because it can spare many patients particularly those who are undergoing axillary dissection